The most famous amphitheatre of ancient Rome is, of course, the Colosseum in Rome itself. But it is by no means the only amphitheatre built and left behind by the Romans.
What is an amphitheatre?
An amphitheatre (Latin: amphitheatrum) is the term used for a circular theatre of ancient Roman times. The arena could be round or oval in shape. Seating was arranged in tiers all around the arena, allowing all spectators a good view of the action below. Such an amphitheatre could, in theory, have a fully enclosed roof—though this was rarely the case. Sunshades, however, were commonly used and could be extended in hot weather. These were even employed in the Colosseum.
Originally, the term amphitheatre referred to any arena where public performances or spectacles took place, including the circus.
Over time, though, the amphitheatre came to be most closely associated with gladiator fights. Other types of events did take place, but they were considered less significant.
In the English language, open-air stages are often referred to as amphitheatres, but this is technically incorrect. The term amphitheatre can be interpreted differently across various languages.
The First Amphitheatres in Italy from Around 70 BC
The first amphitheatre in the world was likely built around 70 BC in Pompeii—at least, it was the first permanent structure of its kind. It’s believed that wooden theatres had already existed in Rome, for example on the Roman Forum, where gladiator fights were held even earlier.
Stone amphitheatres, like the ones we picture today and can visit in the form of the Colosseum, began to appear from around 60–70 BC. The oldest one discovered so far stood in Pompeii.
Architecture and Construction
The architecture and construction methods of Roman amphitheatres were heavily influenced by Greek architecture, yet they evolved into a distinctive style that showcased Roman engineering prowess. Amphitheatres were typically built from stone or brick and had an elliptical or circular shape. The seating rows, known as the cavea, rose in concentric tiers and could accommodate up to 50,000 spectators (as in the case of the Colosseum—most other amphitheatres were significantly smaller). This arrangement ensured that every spectator had a clear view of the arena.
Another striking feature was the velarium—a large canopy (or series of canopies) stretched over the arena to shield spectators from the sun. This level of architectural planning made Roman amphitheatres remarkable structures that continue to inspire awe to this day.
Famous Amphitheatres of Ancient Rome
To date, the remains of more than 200 Roman amphitheatres have been discovered across the former territory of the Roman Empire. So, there isn’t one amphitheatre—although the name Colosseum springs to everyone’s mind—but rather an astonishing number of them.
The Colosseum – the Most Famous Amphitheatre
Of course. And the one with the most visitors. It stands in Rome and was the largest of all Roman amphitheatres. We highly recommend booking Colosseum tickets well in advance online. Especially during popular (holiday) times, tickets are often sold out for weeks. Guided tours, on the other hand, are usually easier to book spontaneously—even in high season, a few days’ notice is often enough. Particularly fascinating: the underground tours of the Colosseum.
El Djem – Tunisia
The third-largest Roman amphitheatre is located in Tunisia. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979 and could accommodate an impressive 35,000 spectators in its prime. Built around AD 238, it closely resembles the Colosseum in Rome—but is said to be even better executed.
If you’re ever on holiday in Tunisia and have an interest in amphitheatres, El Djem is an absolute must-see. Compared to the Colosseum, it attracts far fewer visitors, the entry is affordable, and you can explore everything—including the underground areas—with the same ticket. Day trips to El Djem are offered from most nearby holiday resorts.
Capua – Italy
Technically one of the largest amphitheatres built by the Romans, though sadly it is now almost entirely in ruins. Some remains are still visible today, and the underground passageways have been preserved. Guided tours often include visits to the Gladiator Museum and the Temple of Santa Maria Capua Vetere.
Especially intriguing: Capua was the birthplace of the gladiator uprising led by Spartacus.
Verona – Italy
The amphitheatre in Verona is one of the best-preserved Roman amphitheatres and, with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 spectators (depending on the source), counted among the larger ones. Today, it is regularly used for operas and concerts. Visits and guided tours are available.
Pula – Croatia
The amphitheatre in Pula is also very well preserved and was built in the 1st century AD. This theatre featured four towers with staircases, allowing spectators to reach the upper tiers.
Today, the Pula amphitheatre is still used for concerts and festivals. Highlights include the Pula Film Festival, during which the Croatian film award, the “Golden Arena,” is presented. In the summer months, the Spectacula Antiqua takes place here, featuring gladiators and performers who transport visitors back to the Roman Empire. The arena also regularly hosts operas, plays, and concerts. Tickets for concerts are usually available via Eventim.
You can, of course, visit the amphitheatre in Pula even without attending a concert or event.
Pompeii – Italy. The Oldest.
The oldest Roman amphitheatre didn’t have a long history. Built around 70 BC, it was buried in AD 79 during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Excavations didn’t begin until the 18th century. Despite its short life, the amphitheatre was considered one of the larger ones of its time and could hold up to 20,000 spectators—more than the population of Pompeii itself. Neighbouring towns were invited to attend events as well.
In Pompeii, you can take part in a variety of fascinating guided tours, including many led by archaeologists.
Nîmes – France
This arena is very well preserved and underwent extensive reconstruction starting in 1786. By around 1853, the outer façade had been fully restored. To this day, bullfights and concerts are still held here. However, due to the use of modern lighting and safety technology, some of the original authenticity has inevitably been lost.
The amphitheatre in Nîmes is open to visitors. Tickets are available online, though the official website—at least currently—is almost entirely in French.
Trier – Germany
There were also numerous Roman amphitheatres in what is now Germany, though most of them were relatively small. One of the best-known is the arena in Trier. It was built towards the end of the 2nd century AD and could hold around 18,000 spectators. Unlike many others, this arena was not built as a freestanding structure, but rather into the slope of the Petrisberg hill. Both the arena and the underground level can still be visited today.
Xanten – Germany
The amphitheatre in Xanten could accommodate around 10,000 spectators. It has been partially restored and is open to visitors. Today, it hosts a wide range of events, from concerts to Roman festivals featuring gladiator games.
Germany’s largest archaeological open-air museum, located on the site of the former Roman city Colonia Ulpia Traiana in Xanten, is definitely worth a visit.
Events and Spectacles
Roman amphitheatres were venues for a wide variety of events and spectacles that both enriched public life and demonstrated the power of the ruling class. Gladiator fights were perhaps the most famous of these, but animal hunts, theatrical performances, and athletic competitions also took place in these arenas. Such events often held great importance for Roman society—not merely serving as entertainment, but also as tools of political and social control. The ruling elite used the amphitheatres to entertain the masses while simultaneously reinforcing their authority. Religious ceremonies and political gatherings were also held in these spaces, highlighting the versatility of these impressive structures.
Spectators and the Crowd
The audiences in Roman amphitheatres were a colourful mix of social classes and groups, each with their own seating areas and preferences. The seating was often arranged according to social class and gender, with the best seats reserved for wealthy citizens. Spectators were also divided into factions, passionately supporting their favourite gladiators or animal fighters. These factions added to the lively—and often noisy—atmosphere of the events. Amphitheatres thus provided not only entertainment, but also a stage for social interaction and rivalry.
Purpose and Function of the Many Events Held in Amphitheatres
Amphitheatres were used throughout the Roman Empire to entertain the public and to maintain a favourable attitude toward those in power. Today, Roman amphitheatres hold various meanings—historical, cultural, and architectural.
At the time, there were no entrance fees. Admission was free for all citizens.
While gladiator fights were the most common form of entertainment, many amphitheatres also hosted other types of performances. Plays with elaborate stage sets and surprisingly advanced stage technology were not uncommon. Some even featured reenacted naval battles.
The Significance of Roman Amphitheatres Today
Today, Roman amphitheatres are important historical monuments and popular tourist attractions, offering insights into the architecture, culture, and society of ancient Rome. They are also key sites for research in Roman history and archaeology. In many cities, such as Trier and El Djem, the amphitheatre is a vital part of local history and identity. These structures symbolise Roman culture and heritage, drawing millions of visitors each year. The remains of these impressive buildings remind us of the scale and influence of the Roman Empire—and are a cultural legacy well worth preserving.